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Smokey Bear (also called Smokey the Bear) is an advertising mascot created to educate the US public about the dangers of forest fires. An advertising campaign featuring Smokey and the slogan "Smokey Says – Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires" was created in 1944. Smokey Bear's later slogan, "Remember... Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires" was created in 1947 by the Advertising Council. In April 2001, the message was updated to "Only You Can Prevent Wildfires."〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Add Council )〕 According to the Ad Council, Smokey Bear and his message are recognized in the United States by 95% of adults and 77% of children. In 1952, the songwriters Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins had a successful song named "Smokey the Bear". The pair said "the" was added to Smokey's name to keep the song's rhythm.〔(Only You Can Prevent Wildfires. - Resources ) 〕 During the 1950s, that variant of the name became widespread both in popular speech and in print, including at least one standard encyclopedia.〔"Fire prevention" article, World Book Encyclopedia, 1960 edition.〕 A 1955 book in the Little Golden Books series was called ''Smokey the Bear'' and Smokey calls himself by this name in the book. It depicted Smokey as an orphaned cub rescued in the aftermath of a forest fire. From the beginning, Smokey's name was intentionally spelled differently from the adjective 'smoky'. The fictional character Smokey Bear, created by the art critic Harold Rosenberg, is administered by three entities: the United States Forest Service, the National Association of State Foresters, and the Ad Council. Smokey Bear's name and image are protected by U.S. federal law, the ''Smokey Bear Act of 1952'' (16 U.S.C. 580 (p-2); 18 U.S.C. 711).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Smokey Bear )〕 ==Beginning the campaign== Although the U.S. Forest Service fought wildfires long before World War II, the war brought a new importance and urgency to the effort. The forest service began using colorful posters to educate Americans about the dangers of forest fires. Since most able-bodied men were already serving in the armed forces, none could be spared to fight forest fires on the West Coast. The hope was that local communities, educated about the danger of forest fires, could prevent them from starting in the first place. On August 13, 1942, Disney's fifth full-length animated motion picture ''Bambi'' premiered in New York City. Soon after, Walt Disney allowed his characters to appear in fire prevention public service campaigns. However, ''Bambi'' was only loaned to the government for a year, so a new symbol was needed. A bear was chosen. His name was inspired by "Smokey" Joe Martin, a New York City Fire Department hero who suffered burns and blindness during a bold 1922 rescue.〔(''BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Their Battle Is Joined With an Inhuman Enemy'' ) by Ralph Blumenthal〕 Smokey's debut poster was released on August 9, 1944, which is considered his anniversary date. Overseen by the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Campaign, the first poster was illustrated by Albert Staehle. In it Smokey was depicted wearing jeans and a campaign hat, pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. The message underneath reads, "Smokey says – Care will prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires!" Knickerbocker Bears gained the license to produce Smokey Bear dolls in 1944. Also in 1944, Forest Service worker Rudy Wendelin became the full-time campaign artist; he was considered Smokey Bear's "caretaker" until he retired in 1973. In addition, during World War II, the Empire of Japan considered wildfires as a possible weapon. During the Lookout Air Raids of September 1942, the Japanese military attempted without success to set ablaze coastal forests in southwest Oregon. U.S. planners also hoped that if Americans knew how wildfires would harm the war effort, they would better cooperate with the Forest Service to eliminate any kind of fire.〔 The Japanese military renewed their wildfire strategy late in the war: from November 1944 to April 1945, launching some 9,000 fire balloons into the jet stream, with an estimated 10% reaching the U.S. In the end only five school children and their teacher, Elsie Mitchell, were killed by one of the bombs near Bly, Oregon, on May 5, 1945.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Japanese Balloon Bomb )〕 A memorial was erected at what today is called the Mitchell Recreation Area. In 1947, the slogan associated with Smokey Bear for more than five decades was finally coined: "Remember ... only YOU can prevent forest fires." In 2001, it was officially amended to replace "forest fires" with "wildfires", as a reminder that other areas (such as grasslands) are also in danger of burning. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Smokey Bear」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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